Evidence of effectiveness in Finland and elsewhere
In Finland, KiVa has been evaluated in a large randomized controlled trial including 117 intervention schools and 117 control schools.
- The program has been shown to reduce both self- and peer-reported bullying and victimization significantly (1).
- It influences multiple form of victimization, including verbal, relational, physical, and cyberbullying (2).
- In addition, positive effects on school liking, academic motivation and achievement have been reported (3).
- KiVa also reduces anxiety and depression and has a positive impact on students’ perception of their peer climate (4).
- A remarkable 98% of victims involved in discussions with the schools’ KiVa teams felt that their situation improved (5).
- Finally, Finnish data from more than 1000 schools that started the implementation of KiVa in fall 2009 showed that after the first year of implementation, both victimization and bullying had reduced significantly (6).
KiVa has been and is still evaluated in several countries: the first international studies from the Netherlands, Estonia, Italy, and Wales show that KiVa is effective outside of Finland as well.
KiVa program won the European Crime Prevention Award in 2009, Social Policy Award for Best Article in 2012 and four National Awards in Finland in 2008, 2010, 2011 and 2012.
Selected studies on the effects of the KiVa antibullying program:
(1) Kärnä, A., Voeten, M., Little, T., Poskiparta, E., Kaljonen, A., & Salmivalli, C. ( 2011). A large-scale evaluation of the KiVa anti-bullying program: Grades 4-6. Child Development, 82, 311-330. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21291444/
(2) Salmivalli, C., Kärnä, A., & Poskiparta, E. (2011) Counteracting bullying in Finland: The KiVa program and its effects on different forms of being bullied. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35, 405-411. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0165025411407457
(3) Kärnä, A., Voeten, M., Little, T., Poskiparta, E., Alanen, E., & Salmivalli, C. (2011). Going to Scale: A nonrandomized nationwide trial of the KiVa antibullying program for comprehensive schools. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79, 796-805. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21967491/
(4) Williford, A., Boulton, A., Noland, B., Kärnä, A., Little, T., & Salmivalli, C. (2012). Effects of the KiVa anti-bullying program on adolescents’ depression, anxiety, and perception of peers. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 289-300. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2012-02739-011
(5) Ahtola, A., Haataja, A., Kärnä, A., Poskiparta, E., & Salmivalli, C. (2012). For children only? Effects of the KiVa antibullying program on teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education, 28, 851-859. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2012-14913-008
(6) Salmivalli, C., Garandeau, C., & Veenstra, R. (2012). KiVa antibullying program: Implications for school adjustment. In G. Ladd & A. Ryan (Eds.), Peer Relationships and Adjustment at School (pp. 279-307). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
(7) Kärnä, A., Voeten, M., Little, T., Alanen, E., Poskiparta, E., & Salmivalli, C. (2013). Effectiveness of the KiVa antibullying program: Grades 1-3 and 7-9. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105, 535-551. https://doi.apa.org/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2Fa0030417
(8) Salmivalli, C., Poskiparta, E., Ahtola, A., & Haataja, A. (2013). The Implementation and Effectiveness of the KiVa Antibullying Program in Finland. European Psychologist, 18, 79-88. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2013-21900-002
(9) Williford, A., Elledge, L., Boulton, A., DePaolis, K., Little, T., & Salmivalli, C. (2013). Effects of the KiVa antibullying program on cyberbullying and cybervictimization frequency among Finnish youth. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 42, 820-833 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23659182/
(10) Garandeau, C., Lee, I., & Salmivalli, C. (2014). Differential effects of the KiVa antibullying program on popular and unpopular bullies. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 35, 44-50. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2013-42849-001
(11) Garandeau, C., Poskiparta, E., & Salmivalli, C. (2014). Tackling acute cases of bullying: Comparison of two methods in the context of the KiVa antibullying program. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42, 981-991. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24615005/
(12) Saarento, S., Boulton, A., & Salmivalli, C. (2015). Reducing bullying and victimization: Student- and classroom-level mechanisms of change. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43, 61-76. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24390403/
(13) Yang, A., & Salmivalli, C. (2015) Effectiveness of the KiVa antibullying program on bully-victims, bullies, and victims. Educational Research, 57, 80-90. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2014-57589-005
(14) Juvonen, J. Schacter, H., Sainio, M. & Salmivalli, C. (2016). Can a school-wide bullying prevention program improve the plight of victims?: Evidence for risk X intervention effects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84, 334-344. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26795935/
(15) Garandeau, C., Vartio, A., Poskiparta, E., & Salmivalli, C. (2016). School bullies’ intention to change behavior following adult interventions: Effects of empathy arousal, condemning of bullying, and blaming of the perpetrator. Prevention Science, 17, 1034-1043. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27696275/
(16) Persson, M., Wennberg, L., Beckham L., Salmivalli, C., & Svensson, M. (2018). The cost-effectiveness of the KiVa antibullying program: results from a decision-analytic Prevention Science, 19, 728-737. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29728796/
(17) Johander, E., Turunen, T., Garandeau, C., & Salmivalli, C. (2020). Different approaches to address bullying in KiVa Schools: adherence to guidelines, strategies implemented, and outcomes obtained. Prevention Science, 22, 299–310. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33098542/
(18) Garandeau, C., Laninga-Wijnen, L., & Salmivalli, C. (2021). Effects of the KiVa anti-bullying program on affective and cognitive empathy in children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2020.1846541 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33448897/
(19) Herkama S., Kontio M., Sainio M., Turunen T., Poskiparta E., Salmivalli C. (2022) Facilitators and Barriers to the Sustainability of a School-Based Bullyinh Prevention Program. Prevention Science. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11121-022-01368-2
Other studies on KiVa
Doctoral dissertations
Ahtola: A. (2012) Proactive and preventive student welfare activities in Finnish preschool and elementary school : handling of transition to formal schooling and a national anti-bullying program as examples. Turku: University of Turku. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-29-5157-4
Garandeau, C. (2014) School bullies’ quest for power : implications for group dynamics and intervention. Turku: University of Turku. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-29-5727-9
Haataja, A. (2016) Implementing the KiVa antibullying Program : what does it take? Turku: University of Turku. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-29-6553-3
Kärnä, A. (2012) Effectiveness of the KiVa antibullying program. Turku: University of Turku. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-29-5025-6
Pöyhönen, V. (2013) Defending behavior in bullying situations. Turku: University of Turku. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-29-5157-4
Roos, S. (2014) Guilt, shame, emotion regulation, and social cognition: understanding their associations with preadolescents’ social behavior. Turku: University of Turku http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-29-5891-7
Saarento, S. (2015) Conceptualizing and counteracting the bullying dynamic : classroom and school contexts matter. Turku: University of Turku. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-29-6150-4
Sainio, M. (2013) Same- and other-sex victimization : risk factors, consequences, and protection by peers. Turku: University of Turku. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-29-5502-2
Yang, A. (2015) Bully-victims : prevalence, psychosocial adjustment, and responsiveness to intervention. Turku: University of Turku. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-29-6241-9
Empirical studies on the effectiveness and implementation of the KiVa program in Finland
Ahtola, A., Haataja, A., Kärnä, A., Poskiparta, E., & Salmivalli, C. (2012). For children only? Effects of the KiVa antibullying program on teachers. Teaching and Teacher Education, 28(6), 851–859. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2012.03.006
Ahtola, A., Haataja, A., Kärnä, A., Poskiparta, E., & Salmivalli, C. (2013). Implementation of anti-bullying lessons in primary classrooms: how important is head teacher support? Educational Research, 55(4), 376–392. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2013.844941
Garandeau, C. F., Laninga-Wijnen, L., Salmivalli, C. (2021). Effects of the KiVa Anti-Bullying Program on Affective and Cognitive Empathy in Children and Adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 1537-4416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2020.1846541
Garandeau, C. F., Lee, I. A., & Salmivalli, C. (2014). Differential effects of the KiVa anti-bullying program on popular and unpopular bullies. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 35(1), 44–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2013.10.004
Garandeau, C. F., Poskiparta, E., & Salmivalli, C. (2014). Tackling acute cases of school bullying in the KiVa anti-bullying program: A comparison of two approaches. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 42(6), 981–991. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-014-9861-1
Garandeau, C. F., Vartio, A., Poskiparta, E., & Salmivalli, C. (2016). School bullies’ intention to change behavior following teacher interventions: Effects of empathy arousal, condemning of bullying, and blaming of the perpetrator. Prevention Science, 17(8), 1034–1043. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-016-0712-x
Haataja, A., Voeten, M., Boulton, A. J., Ahtola, A., Poskiparta, E., & Salmivalli, C. (2014). The KiVa antibullying curriculum and outcome: Does fidelity matter? Journal of School Psychology, 52(5), 479–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2014.07.001
Haataja, A., Ahtola, A., Poskiparta, E., & Salmivalli, C. (2015). A process view on implementing an antibullying curriculum: How teachers differ and what explains the variation. School Psychology Quarterly, 30(4), 564–576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/spq0000121
Johander, E., Turunen, T., Garandeau, C., Salmivalli, C. (2020). Different Approaches to Address Bullying in KiVa Schools: Adherence to Guidelines, Strategies Implemented, and Outcomes Obtained. Journal of Prevention Science, 1573-6695. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11121-020-01178-4
Johansson, A., Huhtamaki, A., Sainio, M., Kaljonen, A., Boivin, M., Salmivalli, C. (2020). Heritability of Bullying and Victimization in Children and Adolescents: Moderation by the KiVa Antibullying Program. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 1537-4416. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2020.1731820
Juvonen, J., Schacter, H. L., Sainio, M., & Salmivalli, C. (2016). Can a school-wide bullying prevention program improve the plight of victims? Evidence for risk × intervention effects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 84(4), 334–344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000078
Kärnä, A., Voeten, M., Little, T. D., Alanen, E., Poskiparta, E., & Salmivalli, C. (2012). Effectiveness of the KiVa antibullying program: Grades 1–3 and 7–9. Journal of Educational Psychology, 105(2), 535–551. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030417
Kärnä, A., Voeten, M., Little, T. D., Poskiparta, E., Alanen, E., & Salmivalli, C. (2011). Going to scale: A nonrandomized nationwide trial of the KiVa antibullying program for grades 1–9. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(6), 796–805. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029174
Kärnä, A., Voeten, M., Little, T. D., Poskiparta, E., Kaljonen, A., & Salmivalli, C. (2011). A Large-Scale Evaluation of the KiVa Antibullying Program: Grades 4-6. Child Development, 82(1), 311–330. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01557.x
Persson, M., Wennberg, L., Beckman, L., Salmivalli, C., Svensson, M. (2018). The Cost-Effectiveness of the Kiva Antibullying Program: Results from a Decision-Analytic Model. Journal of Prevention Science, 19(6), 1389-4986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11121-018-0893-6
Poskiparta, E., Kaukiainen, A., Pöyhönen, V., & Salmivalli, C. (2012). Anti-bullying computer game as part of the KiVa-program: Children’s perceptions of the game. In A. Costabile & B. Spears (Eds.), The impact of technology on relationships in educational settings: International perspectives (pp. 158–168). New York, NY: Routledge.
Salmivalli, C., Garandeau, C. F., & Veenstra, R. (2012). KiVa anti-bullying program: Implications for school adjustment. In A. M. Ryan & G. W. Ladd (Eds.), Peer relationships and adjustment at School. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Pub.
Salmivalli, C., Kärnä, A., & Poskiparta, E. (2011). Counteracting bullying in Finland: The KiVa program and its effects on different forms of being bullied. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35(5), 405–411. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025411407457
Salmivalli, C., Kärnä, A., & Poskiparta, E. (2010b). From peer putdowns to peer support: A theoretical model and how it translated into a national anti-bullying program. In S. R. Jimerson, S. M. Swearer, & D. L. Espelage (Eds.), Handbook of bullying in schools: An international perspective (pp. 441–454). New York, NY, US: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
Veenstra, R., Lindenberg, S., Huitsing, G., Sainio, M., & Salmivalli, C. (2014). The role of teachers in bullying: The relation between antibullying attitudes, efficacy, and efforts to reduce bullying. Journal of Educational Psychology, 106(4), 1135–1143. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036110
Williford, A., Boulton, A., Noland, B., Little, T. D., Kärnä, A., & Salmivalli, C. (2012). Effects of the KiVa Anti-bullying Program on Adolescents’ Depression, Anxiety, and Perception of Peers. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40(2), 289–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-011-9551-1
Williford, A., Elledge, L. C., Boulton, A. J., DePaolis, K. J., Little, T. D., & Salmivalli, C. (2013). Effects of the KiVa Antibullying Program on Cyberbullying and Cybervictimization Frequency Among Finnish Youth. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 42(6), 820–833. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2013.787623
Other empirical studies on the Finnish KiVa school data (divided into themes)
Cyberbullying
Christian Elledge, L., Williford, A., Boulton, A., DePaolis, K., Little, T., & Salmivalli, C. (2013). Individual and Contextual Predictors of Cyberbullying: The Influence of Children’s Provictim Attitudes and Teachers’ Ability to Intervene. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 42(5), 698–710. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-9920-x
Salmivalli, C., Sainio, M., & Hodges, E. V. E. (2013). Electronic victimization: Correlates, antecedents, and consequences among elementary and middle school students. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 42(4), 442–453. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2012.759228
Class and school level factors, social networks and bullying
Ahtola, A., Haataja, A., Kärnä, A., Poskiparta, E., Salmivalli, C. (2013). Implementation of anti-bullying lessons in primary classrooms – how important is head teacher support? Journal of Educational Research, 55 (4), 0013-1881. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2013.844941
Garandeau, C., Lee, I., & Salmivalli, C. (2014). Inequality Matters: Classroom Status Hierarchy and Adolescents’ Bullying. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 43(7), 1123–1133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-0040-4
Haataja, A., Sainio, M., Turtonen, M., Salmivalli, C. (2016). Implementing the KiVa antibullying program – recognition of stable victims. Journal of Educational Psychology, 36 (3), 0144-3410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2015.1066758
Huitsing, G., van Duijn, M. A. J., Snijders, T. A. B., Wang, P., Sainio, M., Salmivalli, C., & Veenstra, R. (2012). Univariate and multivariate models of positive and negative networks: Liking, disliking, and bully–victim relationships. Social Networks, 34(4), 645–657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2012.08.001
Huitsing, G., Veenstra, R., Sainio, M., & Salmivalli, C. (2012). “It must be me” or “It could be them?”: The impact of the social network position of bullies and victims on victims’ adjustment. Social Networks, 34(4), 379–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2010.07.002
Kärnä, A., Voeten, M., Poskiparta, E., & Salmivalli, C. (2010). Vulnerable Children in Varying Classroom Contexts: Bystanders’ Behaviors Moderate the Effects of Risk Factors on Victimization. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 56(3), 261–282. https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.0.0052
Peets, K., Pöyhönen, V., Juvonen, J., & Salmivalli, C. (2015). Classroom norms of bullying alter the degree to which children defend in response to their affective empathy and power. Developmental Psychology, 51(7), 913–920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0039287
Saarento, S., Boulton, A. J., & Salmivalli, C. (2015). Reducing bullying and victimization: Student- and classroom-level mechanisms of change. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43(1), 61–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-013-9841-x
Saarento, S., Kärnä, A., Hodges, E. V. E., & Salmivalli, C. (2013). Student-, classroom-, and school-level risk factors for victimization. Journal of School Psychology, 51(3), 421–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2013.02.002
Sainio M., Herkama S., Turunen T., Rönkkö M., Kontio M., Poskiparta E., Salmivalli C. (2020). Sustainable antibullying program implementation: School profiles and predictors. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 61(1), 0036-5564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12487
Salmivalli, C., Voeten, M., & Poskiparta, E. (2011). Bystanders Matter: Associations between reinforcing, defending, and the frequency of bullying behavior in Classrooms. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 40(5), 668–676. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2011.597090
Sentse, M., Kiuru, N., Veenstra, R., & Salmivalli, C. (2014). A Social Network Approach to the Interplay Between Adolescents’ Bullying and Likeability over Time. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 43(9), 1409–1420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0129-4
Sentse, M., Kretschmer, T., & Salmivalli, C. (2015). The longitudinal interplay between bullying, victimization, and social status: Age-related and gender differences. Social Development, 24(3), 659–677. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12115
Sentse, M., Veenstra, R., Kiuru, N., & Salmivalli, C. (2015). A longitudinal multilevel study of individual characteristics and classroom norms in explaining bullying behaviors. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43(5), 943–955. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-014-9949-7
Bullies-bullied students
Yang, A., Li, X., & Salmivalli, C. (2016). Maladjustment of bully-victims: validation with three identification methods. Educational Psychology, 36(8), 1390–1407. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2015.1015492
Yang, A., & Salmivalli, C. (2015). Effectiveness of the KiVa antibullying programme on bully-victims, bullies and victims. Journal of Educational Research, 57 (1), 0013-1881. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2014.983724
Yang, A., & Salmivalli, C. (2013). Different forms of bullying and victimization: Bully-victims versus bullies and victims. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 10(6), 723–738. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2013.793596
Defending the bullied student
Pöyhönen, V., Juvonen, J., & Salmivalli, C. (2010). What Does It Take to Stand Up for the Victim of Bullying?: The Interplay Between Personal and Social Factors. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 56(2), 143–163.
Pöyhönen, V., Juvonen, J., & Salmivalli, C. (2012). Standing Up for the Victim, Siding with the Bully or Standing by? Bystander Responses in Bullying Situations. Social Development, 21(4), 722–741. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9507.2012.00662.x
Sainio, M., Veenstra, R., Huitsing, G., & Salmivalli, C. (2011). Victims and their defenders: A dyadic approach. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35(2), 144–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025410378068
Gender and bullying
Sainio, M., Veenstra, R., Huitsing, G., & Salmivalli, C. (2012). Same- and other-sex victimization: Are the risk factors similar? Aggressive Behavior, 38(6), 442–455. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21445
Sainio, M., Veenstra, R., Little, T. D., Kärnä, A., Rönkkö, M., & Salmivalli, C. (2013). Being bullied by same- versus other-sex peers: Does it matter for adolescent victims? Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 42(4), 454–466. https://doi.org/DOI:10.1080/15374416.2013.769172
Immigrants and bullying
Strohmeier, D., Kärnä, A., & Salmivalli, C. (2011). Intrapersonal and interpersonal risk factors for peer victimization in immigrant youth in Finland. Developmental Psychology, 47(1), 248–258. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020785
Selected publications on the KiVa antibullying program
Caravita, S. C. S., Pöyhönen, V., & Salmivalli, C. (2009). Prosocial involvement in antisocial situations: Defending the victims of bullying. In T. A. Kinney & M. Pörhölä (Eds.), Anti- and pro-social communication: Theories, methods, and applications (pp. 173–182). New York: Peter Lang.
Gaete, J., Valenzuela, D., Rojas-Barahona, C., Valenzuela, E., Araya, R., Salmivalli, C. (2017). The KiVa antibullying program in primary schools in Chile, with and without the digital game component: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. 1745-6215, 18 (9), http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13063-017-1810-1
Garandeau, C. E., Salmivalli, C. (2018). Le programme anti-harcelement KiVa. Enfance.
Saarento, S., Garandeau, C. F., & Salmivalli, C. (2015). Classroom- and school-level contributions to bullying and victimization: A review. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 25(3), 204–218. https://doi.org/10.1002/casp.2207
Saarento, S., & Salmivalli, C. (2015). The role of classroom peer ecology and bystanders’ responses in bullying. Child Development Perspectives, 9(4), 201–205. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12140
Sainio, M., Salmivalli, C., & Toda, Y. (2013). キヴァ [ KiVa Program]. In K. Yamasaki, Y. Toda, & Y. Watanabe (Eds.), 世界の学校予防教育 [Prevention education at schools in the world] (pp. 168–181). Tokyo: 金子書房 [ Kanekoshobo].
Salmivalli, C. (2009). Bullying is a group phenomenon − what does It mean and why does It matter? In S. Hymel, S. M. Swearer, & P. Gillette (Eds.), Bullying at School and Online, a special invited issue of education.com. Retrieved from http://www.education.com/reference/article/peer-social-group-role-in-bullying/
Salmivalli, C. (2010). Bullying and the peer group: A review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15(2), 112–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2009.08.007
Salmivalli, C. (2014a). KiVa – against bullying. Psychologist, 27(4), 52–53. https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-27/edition-4/interview-kiva-against-bullying
Salmivalli, C. (2014b). Participant Roles in Bullying: How Can Peer Bystanders Be Utilized in Interventions? Theory Into Practice, 53(4), 286–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2014.947222
Salmivalli, C., Kärnä, A., & Poskiparta, E. (2010). KiVa – A Finnish innovation to tackle bullying in schools. In K. Österman (Ed.), Direct and Indirect Aggression (pp. 171–183). Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
Salmivalli, C., Kärnä, A., & Poskiparta, E. (2010). Development, evaluation, and diffusion of KiVa, a national anti-bullying program. In B. Doll, Handbook of youth prevention science. Lawrence Erlbaum.
Salmivalli, C., & Peets, K. (2009). Bullies, victims, and bully-victim relationships in middle childhood and early adolescence. In K. H. Rubin, W. M. Bukowski, & B. Laursen (Eds.), Handbook of peer interactions, relationships, and groups (pp. 322–340). New York, NY: Guilford.
Salmivalli, C., & Peets, K. (2010). Violencia entre iguales: un fenómeno grupal [Peer-to-peer bullying at school: considering the contexts in which it occurs]. In R. Ortega (Ed.), Agresividad injustificada y violencia escolar [Injustified Aggressiveness and School Violence]. Alianza publications.
Salmivalli, C., Peets, K., & Hodges, E. V. E. (2010). Bullying. In P. K. Smith & C. H. Hart (Eds.), The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Childhood Social Development (pp. 510–528). Wiley-Blackwell.
Salmivalli, C., & Poskiparta, E. (2011). KiVa Anti-Mobbing Programm. In Huber, A.A. (Hrsg.). Anti-Mobbing-Strategien für die Schule. Praxisratgeber zur erfolgreichen und nachhaltigen Intervention. [Anti-Mobbing-Strategies for school. Practice guidebook for successful and lasting interventions]. Neuwied: Carl Link.Wolters.KluwerVerlag.
Salmivalli, C., & Poskiparta, E. (2012). KiVa antibullying program: Overview of evaluation studies based on a randomized controlled trial and national rollout in Finland. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 6(2), 294 – 302.
Salmivalli, C., Poskiparta, E., Ahtola, A., & Haataja, A. (2013). The implementation and effectiveness of the KiVa antibullying program in Finland. European Psychologist, 18(2), 79–88. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000140
Salmivalli, C., & Pöyhönen, V. (2012). Cyberbullying in Finland. In Q. L. MSc, D. Cross, & P. K. S. BSc (Eds.), Cyberbullying in the Global Playground (pp. 57–72). Wiley-Blackwell.
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